CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE DATASHEET
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CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION |
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Chemical name |
Tributyl phosphate |
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Synonyms |
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IUPAC name |
tributyl phosphate [1] |
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CAS No |
126-73-8 |
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REACH registration number |
pre-registered under REACH |
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EC No |
204-800-2 |
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Molecular formula |
C12H27O4P or (C4H9)3PO4 [2] |
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Substance group/chemical family |
Organic/Mono constituent substance [1] |
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Appearance Physical state Odour Form Colour |
liquid (100%) odourless colourless to yellow [2] |
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USES AND HANDLING ISSUES |
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Relevant identified uses |
It is used as a plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastics, and vinyl resins. Used in fire-resistant aircraft hydraulic fluids. Other uses include heat-exchange medium, solvent extraction of metal ions from solution of reactor products, solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, pigment grinding assistant, antifoaming agent, dielectric. [2] |
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Handling considerations |
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist. Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Separated from bases and strong oxidants. [2] |
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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES |
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Molecular weight |
266.31 g/mol [2] |
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Bulk density/Specific gravity |
0.97 @ 20 °C |
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pH |
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Particle size |
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EC |
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Melting point |
-80 °C [1] |
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Boiling point |
289 °C [1] |
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Flash point |
146 °C [1] |
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Flammability |
Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. [1] |
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Vapour density |
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Vapour pressure |
0 Pa @ 25 °C [1] |
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Solubility in water |
poor [2] |
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Solubility in organic solvents |
Soluble in diethyl ether, benzene, carbon disulfide; miscible with ethanol [2] |
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Solubility in inorganic solvents |
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Hydrolysis |
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Ionicity in water |
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Surface tension |
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Dispersion properties |
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Explosiveness |
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Other properties |
Self-ignition: 482 °C [1] Viscosity : 3.39 cP at 25 °C [2] Heat of Vaporization: 55.1 cal/g at 289 °C [2]Surface tension: 27.55 dyne/cm at 20 °C [2]
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Stability and reactivity |
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Chemical stability |
Stable under recommended storage conditions. [2] |
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Reactivity hazards |
In water, tributyl phosphate hydrolyzes by a base-catalyzed reaction. However, hydrolytic degradation was not observed after 30 days in (sterile) water with pH ranging from 3-11. [2] |
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Corrosivity |
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Polimerization |
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Incompatibility with various substances |
It is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and strong bases. Attacks some forms of plastics and rubber [2]. |
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Special remarks on reactivity |
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of /phosphorous oxide/ (PO(x)). [2] |
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Physical, chemical and biological coefficient |
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Koc |
2400 [2] |
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Kow |
log Kow = 4.00 [2] |
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pKa |
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log Kp |
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Henry-constant |
1.41X10-6 atm-3 m/mol at 25 °C [2] |
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ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BEHAVIOUR |
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Artificial pollution sources |
Tributyl phosphate's production and use as an extraction agent for rare earths, uranium, plutonium, and metal ions; heat-exchange medium, solvent, plasticizer, pigment grinding assistant, antifoam agent and dielectric may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams [2] |
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General terrestrial fate |
If released to soil, tributyl phosphate is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2400. [2] |
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General aquatic fate |
If released into water, tributyl phosphate is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. [2] |
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General atmospheric fate |
According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, tributyl phosphate, which has a vapor pressure of 1.13X10-3 mm Hg at 25 °C, is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase tributyl phosphate is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.4 hours, calculated from its rate constant of 7.9X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method. Tributyl phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight [2] |
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General persistence and degradability |
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Abiotic degradation and metabolites |
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Biodegradation and metabolites |
Readily biodegradable in water (100%) [1] Aqueous biodegradation test results for tributyl phosphate varied from negligible biodegradation to 30-100% biodegradation. [2] |
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Bioconcentration |
BCFs of 5.5-20 in carp, 30-35 in killifish and 6-11 in goldfish suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate. [2] |
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Volatilization |
Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.4X10-6 atm-cu m/mole. However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization. Tributyl phosphate is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. Estimated volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 40 and 300 days, respectively. [2] |
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Photolysis |
Tributyl phosphate does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. [2] |
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Hydrolysis |
In water, tributyl phosphate hydrolyzes by a base-catalyzed reaction. However, hydrolytic degradation was not observed after 30 days in (sterile) water with pH ranging from 3-11. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process based on estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 9.9 to 11.5 years (pH 5 to 9). [2] |
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
Tributyl phosphate is expected to have slight mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 2400. [2] |
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS |
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Measured data |
Groundwater mean concentration (76 samples) of 278 ng/L in (Nieschen, Germany collected in March 2000, November 2000, and March 2001). Groundwater samples collected at distances of 4.5, 604, 3000, and 5000 m from the Oder River in Germany contained tributyl phosphate concentrations of 1120, 87, 368, and 56 ng/L, respectively. In a multilevel monitoring well in Bahnbrucke, Germany sampled in March 2001 tributyl phosphate concentrations were 194, 156, 123, 130, and 131 ng/L at depths of 3, 7, 11, 17, and 21 m, respectively. Groundwater supply in Barcelona, Spain: tributyl phosphate levels ranging from below the detection limit to 180 ng/L. Ground water results reported by the UK Environment Agency for 1992 to 2009 indicated tributyl phosphate at maximum concentration of 2.5 ug/L. A 1985-1986 study of two heavily polluted rivers near Barcelona, Spain found that tributyl phosphate is often a major pollutant with levels ranging from <1 to 59 ng/L. Tributyl phosphate was detected at concentrations ranging from 15 to 170 ng/g dry matter in sediment samples collected 1993 to 1994 from 11 sampling sites in the Havel and Spree Rivers in Germany. Tributyl phosphate was detected at median values of 0.70-0.87 ug/L in influent samples and median concentration of 0.32 ug/L in effluent samples from three waste water treatment plants located in Galicia, Spain; samples were collected Nov 2007, Feb, Jun and Sep 2008. [2]
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ECOTOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION |
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General adverse effects on ecosystem |
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Acute toxicity (LC50, EC50) |
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Aquatic systems |
LC50: 4.2 mg/L (freshwater fish) (4 days) [1] LC50: 8.8 mg/L (Carassius auratus (Goldfish)) (96 h) [2] LC50: 11.4 mg/L (Danio rerio (Zebra danio)) (96 h) [2] LC50: 9.4 mg/L (Oncorhynchus mykiss/(Rainbow trout)) (96 h) [2] EC50 / LC50: 1.8 mg/L (freshwater invertebrates) [1] EC50: 35 mg/L (Daphnia magna (water flea) (24h) [2] LC50: 3.65 mg/L (Daphnia magna (water flea) (48h) [2] EC50: 1.1 mg/L (freshwater algae) (72 h) [1] EC50: 10-50 mg/L (Chlorella emersonii (Green algae)) (48 h) (cell multiplication inhibition) [2] EC50: 100 mg/L (microorganisms) (3h) [1] |
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Terrestrial systems |
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Chronic toxicity (NOEC, LOEC) |
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Aquatic systems |
EC10 / LC10 or NOEC: 820 µg/L (freshwater fish) [1] EC10 / LC10 or NOEC 1.3 mg/L (freshwater invertebrates) (21 days) [1] |
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Terrestrial systems |
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HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS and PROTECTION |
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Routes of human exposures |
ingestion, inhalation, or skin or eye contact [2] |
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General effects |
irritation |
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Agonistic and/or antagonistic activities of TBP against human nuclear receptors according to cell-based transactivation assays:
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Mutagenicity |
Tributyl phosphate was investigated in the Salmonella/microsome test (Ames test). Result: negative, no evidence of mutagenic activity of tributyl phosphate was seen (with and without mutagenic activation). Additional, tributyl phosphate was evaluated as negative in a cytogenetic assay and also in a CHO/HGPRT test. In an in-vivo micronucleus assay no indication for a mutagenic effect was found. |
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Carcinogenicity |
The carcinogenic potential of tributyl phosphate was investigated in 2 studies in rats and mice. [3]
Carcinogenicity: via oral route: NOAEL: 8.9 mg/kg bw/day [3]
The results of the mechanistic study confirm that TBP is not a genotoxic carcinogen.
No evidence of a mutagen potential was evident in all genetic toxicity studies. In can be concluded that TBP via organspecific
cytotoxicity causes urinary bladder hyperplasia and necrosis. The indirect mechanism for the cell transformation is supported
by an increased mitotic activity and full reversal of the hyperplasia and proliferation after 10 weeks treatment followed by
10 weeks of recovery. These data support a low human risk from exposure to TBP.
Therefore a classification as Carc. Cat 3; R40 (GHS: Cat. 2, H 341) is justified. [3]
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Reprotoxicity |
In the developmental toxicity rat study no embryotoxic effects were seen at any of the dose levels evaluated and only at the 750 mg/kg/day dose level was a reduction in mean fetal weight seen. External, visceral and skeletal examination of the fetuses recovered from females in the treatment groups at day 20 of gestation revealed no teratogenic response at any of the dose levels evaluated. NOAEL = 750 mg/kg bw for teratogenicity and embryotoxicty. [3] In the developmental toxicity rabbit study the 50 and 150 mg/kg bw dose levels were not maternally toxic, embryotoxic, fetotoxic or teratogenic. NOAEL > 150 mg/kg bw. [3] |
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Teratogenicity |
In the developmental toxicity rat study no embryotoxic effects were seen at any of the dose levels evaluated and only at the 750 mg/kg/day dose level was a reduction in mean fetal weight seen. External, visceral and skeletal examination of the fetuses recovered from females in the treatment groups at day 20 of gestation revealed no teratogenic response at any of the dose levels evaluated. NOAEL = 750 mg/kg bw for teratogenicity and embryotoxicty. [3] In the developmental toxicity rabbit study the 50 and 150 mg/kg bw dose levels were not maternally toxic, embryotoxic, fetotoxic or teratogenic. NOAEL > 150 mg/kg bw. [3] |
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Skin, eye and respiratory irritations |
Breathing vapors of tributyl phosphate causes irritation of mucous membranes and if inhalation is prolonged there can be general poisoning with paralysis. Tributyl phosphate may cause irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. It may also cause nausea and headache. [2] |
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Metabolism: absorption, distribution & excretion |
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Exposure limits |
Recommended Exposure Limit (REL)REL-TWA (Time Weighted Average): 2 ppm (2.5 mg/m³) (OSHA) [2]TWA 0.2 ppm (2.5 mg/m3) (NIOSH) [2] Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)PEL-TWA (8-Hour Time Weighted Average): 5 mg/m³ (OSHA)CAPEL-TWA (California PEL - Time Weighted Average) 0.2 ppm (2.5 mg/m³) [2] Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH): 30 ppm (NIOSH, 2016) [2]Threshold Limit Values (TLV)8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 5 mg/cu m, inhalable fraction and vapour [2] |
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Drinking water MAC |
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Other information |
Moderately toxic: probable oral lethal dose (human) between 0.5-5 g/kg for 70 kg person. [2] |
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Animal toxicity data |
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Acute toxicity (LD50) |
LD50: 1 552 mg/kg bw (rat, oral) [1] LD50: 4.242 mg/L air bw (rat, inhalation) [1] LD50: 3 100 mg/kg bw (rabbit, dermal) [1] LD50: 100 - 200 mg/kg bw (mouse ip) [2] LD50: 251.2 mg/kg bw (rat ip) [2] LD50: 9700 - 19,400 mg/kg bw (guninea pig, dermal) [2] LD50: > 10,000 mg/kg bw (rabbit, dermal) [2] LC50: < 200 mg/L 1 hr ( rat, inhalation) [2] LC50: 28 mg/L 1 hr (rat, inhalation) [2] LD50: 1500 mg/kg bw (hen, oral [2] LD50: 1240 mg/kg bw (mouse, oral) [2] LD50: 1400 mg/kg bw (rat, oral) [2] LD50: 1600 - 3200 mg/kg bw (rat, oral) [2] |
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Chronic toxicity (NOEL, LOEL) |
NOEL: 500 mg/kg (mouse) (Oral route – repeated dose toxicity) [1] |
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ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS |
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| REACH/CLP |
Warning! According to the harmonised classification and labelling (CLP00) approved by the European Union, this substance is harmful if swallowed, is suspected of causing cancer and causes skin irritation. Additionally, the classification provided by companies to ECHA in REACH registrations identifies that this substance is harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects. [1]
According to REACH registrations: H302: Harmful if swallowed. H315: Causes skin irritation. H351: Suspected of causing cancer. H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long-lasting effects.
According to CLP notifications: H302: Harmful if swallowed. H315: Causes skin irritation. H351: Suspected of causing cancer. H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long-lasting effects. H332: Harmful if inhaled. H373: May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure. |
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EINECS regulation |
̵Listed on EINECS (European INventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances) List |
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OSHA regulations etc. |
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OTHER INFORMATION, SPECIAL REMARKS |
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Classification and proposed labelling with regard to toxicological data |
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CREATED, LAST UPDATE |
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Created |
2019. 11. 26 |
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Last update |
2020. 05. 14 |
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REFERENCES |
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[1] ECHA, Tributyl phosphate, https://echa.europa.eu/hu/brief-profile/-/briefprofile/100.004.365, Accessed 2019.11.26 [2] PubChem, Tributyl phosphate, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Tributyl-phosphate, Accessed 2019.11.26 [3] ECHA, Tributyl phosphate. https://echa.europa.eu/hu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/13548/7/13, Accessed 2020.05.14 [4] Kojima H, Takeuchi S, Itoh T, Iida M, Kobayashi S, Yoshida T. (2013) In vitro endocrine disruption potential of organophosphate flame retardants via human nuclear receptors. Toxicology. 314(1):76-83. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.09.004. Epub 2013 Sep 17.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24051214 |
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