The aluminium production consists of two key stages. The first is alumina refining (Bayer process), which involves the generation of alumina from bauxite ore, and the second stage is aluminium smelting (Hall–Héroult), which is the process of alumina being transformed into aluminium.

Alumina refineries tend to be located close to bauxite mines and/or ports for efficient transport of raw materials and of the final product.