CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE DATASHEET
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CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION |
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Chemical name |
Vanadium, elemental |
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Synonyms |
Ferro Vanadium, Ferro-Vanadium, Ferrovanadium, Ferrovanadium alloy, High Speed Steel, Tool Steel, Vanadium (trade names) [3] |
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IUPAC name |
vanadium |
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CAS No |
7440-62-2 |
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REACH registration number |
fully registered |
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EC No |
231-171-1 |
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Molecular formula |
V |
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Substance group/chemical family |
mono-constituent /inorganic substance |
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Appearance Physical state Odour Form Colour |
solid no data cubic Light gray or white lustrous powder Pure vanadium is bright, white, soft and ductile [1] |
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USES AND HANDLING ISSUES |
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Relevant identified uses |
Vanadium is mostly combined with other metals to make special metal mixtures called alloys. Vanadium in the form of vanadium oxide is a component in special kinds of steel that is used for automobile parts, springs, and ball bearings. Vanadium is also mixed with iron to make important parts for aircraft engines. Small amounts of vanadium are used in making rubber, plastics, ceramics, and other chemicals. [2] Vanadium is used in the following products: metals, welding & soldering products, metal surface treatment products, semiconductors, laboratory chemicals and coating products. Vanadium is used in the following areas: building & construction work, municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment and scientific research and development. Vanadium is used in the following activities or processes at workplace: transfer of chemicals, hot work operations with metals (e.g. welding, soldering, gouging, brazing, flame cutting), potentially closed industrial processing with minerals/metals at elevated temperature (e.g. smelters, furnaces, refineries, coke ovens), open transfer and processing with minerals/metals at elevated temperature, handling of solid inorganic substances (e.g. ores and raw metal oxides, packaging/mixing/blending and weighing of metal powders), high energy work-up of substances bound in materials or articles (e.g. hot rolling/forming, grinding, mechanical cutting, drilling or sanding), the low energy manipulation of substances bound in materials or articles, mixing in open batch processes, transfer of substance into small containers, closed batch processing in synthesis or formulation, production of metal powders (hot processes), production of metal powders (wet processes) and production of mixtures or articles by tabletting, compression, extrusion or pelletisation. [3] |
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Handling considerations |
Handling: Avoid formation of airborne dust and install exhaustion if not avoidable, or at hot forming workplaces. Keep away from sparks, heat, and open flame. Chunks may have razorsharp edges. [3] Material should be kept dry and in closed containers. Keep away from sparks, heat, and open flame in a well-ventilated area away from combustible materials. [3] Precautions should be taken when crushing or milling this material to a fine-particle size (D50 < 150µm). Consideration should be given to performing these operations in an inert atmosphere or under vacuum. [3] |
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PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES |
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Molecular weight |
50.9415 |
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Bulk density/Specific gravity |
6.3758 g/cm³ at 20 °C [3] |
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pH |
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Particle size |
Total Dustiness (airborne fraction): 112.37 mg/g (DMT) [3] |
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EC |
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Melting point |
1,910 °C [1,3] |
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Boiling point |
3,407 °C at 101.325 kPa [1,3] |
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Flash point |
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Flammability |
non flammable [3] |
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Vapour density |
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Vapour pressure |
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Solubility in water |
137.9 - 155.9 µg/L @ 20 °C and pH 5.8 [3]
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Solubility in organic solvents |
soluble in hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, and aquaregia [3] attacked by alkali, forming water soluble vanadates [1] |
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Solubility in inorganic solvents |
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Hydrolysis |
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Ionicity in water |
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Surface tension |
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Dispersion properties |
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Specific surface |
Specific surface area (BET) of ferro vanadium powder: 0.045m²/g [3] |
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Stability and reactivity |
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Chemical stability |
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Reactivity hazards |
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Corrosivity |
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Polimerization |
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Incompatibility with various substances |
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Special remarks on reactivity |
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Physical, chemical and biological coefficient |
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Koc |
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Kow |
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pKa |
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log Kp |
4.57 L/kg (solids-water in sediment) [3] |
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Henry-constant |
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ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND BEHAVIOUR |
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Artificial pollution sources |
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General terrestrial fate |
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General aquatic fate |
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General atmospheric fate |
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General persistence and degradability |
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Abiotic degradation and metabolites |
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Biodegradation and metabolites |
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Bioconcentration |
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Volatilization |
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Photolysis |
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Hydrolysis |
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Soil adsorption and mobility |
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS |
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Measured data |
Vanadium is the 22nd most abundant element in the earth’s crust with an average concentration of 100 ppm. It exists in oxidation states ranging from 2-to 5+ with 3+, 4+, and 5+ being the most common oxidation states. Vanadium is released to the environment by continental dust, marine aerosols, volcanic emissions, and the combustion of coal and petroleum crude oils. It is naturally released into water and soil as a result of weathering of rock and soil erosion. Ambient air concentrations of vanadium are low, with urban areas having higher concentrations. Vanadium residence time in the environment is inversely related to the particle size. In water, vanadium is converted from trivalent forms to pentavalent forms. The levels of vanadium in surface water range from 0.04 to 104 μg/L. Vanadium levels of 1.2–1.0 μg/L were measured in tap water samples collected in several U.S. states. Food is the primary route of exposure for the general population; foods with the highest vanadium content include ground parsley, freeze-dried spinach, wild mushrooms, and oysters. Vanadium in food is mainly ingested as VO2+ (vanadyl, V4+) or HVO42 (vanadate, V5+). Estimates of dietary vanadium intake range from 0.09 to 0.34 μg/kg/day in adults. [1] |
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ECOTOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION |
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General adverse effects on ecosystem |
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Acute toxicity (LC50, EC50) |
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Aquatic systems |
LC50 (4 days) 693 - 27 800 µg/L (fish) [3] LC50 (72 h) 732 - 27 800 µg/L (fish) [3] LC50 (48 h) 1.398 - 30.7 mg/L (fish) [3] LC50 (24 h) 9.005 - 44 mg/L (fish) [3] LC50 (48 h) 1.52 - 13.3 mg/L (Daphnia magna) [3] EC50 (72 h) 989.4 - 2 907 µg/L (aquatic algae and cyanobacteria) [3] EC50 (3 h) 100 mg/L (microorganism) [3] |
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Terrestrial systems |
LC50 (28 days) 340 mg/kg soil dw (terrestrial macroorganisms except arthropods) [3] |
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Chronic toxicity (NOEC, LOEC) |
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Aquatic systems |
NOEC (3.2 months) 1.5 mg/L (fish) [3] NOEC (3.167 months) 1.5 mg/L (fish) [3] NOEC (70 days) 480 µg/L (fish) [3] NOEC (30 days) 41 µg/L (fish) [3] NOEC (28 days) 480 µg/L (fish) [3] NOEC (3.267 months) 560 - 1 000 µg/L (Daphnia magna) [3] NOEC (72 h) 16.8 µg/L (aquatic algae and cyanobacteria) [3] EC10 (72 h) 716 µg/L (aquatic algae and cyanobacteria) [3] EC10 (3 h) 4.5 mg/L (microorganism) [3] |
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Terrestrial systems |
EC10 (56 days) 22 mg/kg soil dw, (terrestrial macroorganisms except arthropods) [3] EC10 (28 days) 2 - 81 mg/kg soil dw, (terrestrial macroorganisms except arthropods) [3] EC10 (28 days) 54 mg/kg soil dw, (terrestrial macroorganisms except arthropods) [3] EC10 (28 days) 3 - 492 mg/kg soil dw, (terrestrial arthropods) [3] NOEC (28 days) 96 mg/kg soil dw, (terrestrial arthropods) [3] NOEC (45 days) 97 - 110 mg/kg soil dw (terrestrial plants) [3] NOEC (28 days) 28 mg/kg soil dw (terrestrial plants) [3] EC10 (14 days) 11 - 180 mg/kg soil dw (terrestrial plants) [3] EC10 (5 days) 24 - 370 mg/kg soil dw (terrestrial plants) [3] NOEC (60 days) 80 mg/kg soil dw (soil microorganisms) [3] NOEC (28 days) 3.2 - 122 mg/kg soil dw (soil microorganisms) [3] NOEC (21 days) 122 mg/kg soil dw(soil microorganisms) [3] NOEC (24 h) 3.2 - 1 650 mg/kg soil dw (soil microorganisms) [3] EC10 (28 days) 35 - 960 mg/kg soil dw (soil microorganisms) [3] NOEC (28 days) 5 mg/kg diet (birds) [3] |
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HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS and PROTECTION |
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Routes of human exposures |
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General effects |
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Endocrine disruption |
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Mutagenicity |
not mutagenic [3] |
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Carcinogenicity |
some evidence of carcinogenic activity of V2O5 (rats) [3] |
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Reprotoxicity |
not specified [3] |
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Teratogenicity |
Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects: skeletal anormalities (mouse) [3] |
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Skin, eye and respiratory irritations |
non-irritating to skin, eyes [3], it has a very low potential for human inhalation hazard during handling or application. [3] |
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Metabolism: absorption, distribution & excretion |
Most of the absorbed vanadium from the GI tract was excreted rapidly in urine. (rats) [3] |
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Exposure limits |
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Drinking water MAC |
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Other information |
not sensitising [3] |
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Animal toxicity data |
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Acute toxicity (LD50) |
LD50 (oral) (rats, females) >2000 mg/kg b.w. [3] LC50 (inhalation) (4 h) 5.05 mg/L air (rat) [3] |
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Chronic toxicity (NOEL, LOEL) |
NOAEL (rats): ≥1000 mg/kg bw/day (oral, 4 weeks) V as vanadium carbide nitride [3] NOAEL (mouse, oral) for maternal toxicity: 7.5. mg/kg. b.w./day., V as Na3VO4 [3] |
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ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS |
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| REACH/CLP |
According to the notifications provided by companies to ECHA in REACH registrations no hazards have been classified. [4] According to the majority of notifications provided by companies to ECHA in CLP notifications no hazards have been classified. [4] According to REACH registrations: No hazards have been classified. [4] According to some CLP notifications: H413: May cause long lasting harmful effects to aquatic life. [4] |
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EINECS regulation |
EINECS (European INventory of Existing Commercial chemical Substances) List [3] |
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OSHA regulations etc. |
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OTHER INFORMATION, SPECIAL REMARKS |
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Classification and proposed labelling with regard to toxicological data |
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CREATED, LAST UPDATE |
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Created |
2018. 11. 05. |
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Last update |
2018. 11. 06. |
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REFERENCES |
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[1] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2012) Toxicological Profile for Vanadium, https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp58.pdf, Accessed 2018.11.05 [2] Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=50, Accessed 2018.11.06 [3] European Chemicals Agency - ECHA, Vanadium. https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15421/1 Accessed 2018.11.06 [4] European Chemicals Agency - ECHA, Vanadium. https://echa.europa.eu/hu/brief-profile/-/briefprofile/100.028.337, https://echa.europa.eu/hu/information-on-chemicals/cl-inventory-database/-/discli/notification-details/10538/855875 Accessed 2020.05.11
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